canine leptospirosis cases by state 2021canine leptospirosis cases by state 2021

pets being taken in for veterinary visits The types of dogs at risk, the types of areas where it typically occurs, and whether vaccinations are warranted are among the questions that vex veterinarians and pet owners alike. UPDATE: These findings have been published in BMC Veterinary Research. Quadrivalent vaccines that contain serovars Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, and Pomona have been available in North America since 2001. In severe cases, people may have And for a host of reasons, including climate change, urban wildlife exposure, and reluctance to vaccinate, incidence of the disease appears to be rising. For domestic animals, vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention. ? H2 Are there local hot spots where. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. and email it in to In dogs: Symptoms are variable and are Leptospirosis diagnosis by MAT requires antibody levels that are typically present only after the first week of symptoms, many days after infection. The canine disease presents as an acute infection of the kidney and liver and, sometimes, as a septicemia. Answer a few simple questions and find the right dog for you, Compare up to 5 different breeds side by side, Browse the AKC Marketplace to find the right puppy for you, Browse our extensive library of dog names for inspiration, Find out the best and worst foods for your dog and which to avoid, , is a disease caused by infection with numerous different serovars of bacteria in the genus. Examining the data led to some interesting results: The high prevalence of leptospirosis in young dogs and small dogs in this study represents a change from the standard paradigm ofleptobeing a disease of large-breed dogs living in a rural environment. agglutination tests (MATs) in a prevalence study of 23,005 US dogs over 2002-2004 (Moore et al., 2006). Reporting Lepto Cases Avoid leaving pet food outside your home that could attract raccoons, rats, and other wildlife. Which dogs are at greatest risk for infection or severe disease? And in rural areas, farm animals can also shed leptospires. They can include fever, tender muscles, shivering, lethargy, inflamed eyes, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, jaundice, increased urination, and increased thirst. Humans who contract leptospirosis can also become very sick. Unsurprisingly, we see lepto concentrated in much of Ontario and east of here, particularly in southern regions, as well as coastal British Columbia. If you use a windshield cover, you can at least forget about scrapping the ice off your windshield to save some time and hassle. Unsurprisingly, we see lepto concentrated in much of Ontario and east of here, particularly in southern regions, as well as coastal British Columbia. dogs in higher income areas. In the United States, greater incidence is probably associated with humans and their pets increasingly sharing their environments with carrier animals, such as raccoons, rodents, skunks, deer, opossums, mice, and rats, says Katherine F. Lunn, BVMS, MS, PhD, MRCVS, DACVIM, associate professor in the department of clinical sciences at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine The next phase of his leptospirosis research will examine veterinary attitudes and practices regarding this disease to inform and improve communication among dog owners and veterinarians. "A7 `$XM H+ a>X29 2Qd Q8YO K Therefore Controls were defined as dogs without a diagnosis or suspicion of leptospirosis also having lived in Chicago for at least four weeks. Small dogs (less than 14 lb) were more likely to be affected than larger dogs (33-60 lb). September 6: Murdaugh releases a statement through . The American Kennel Club, Inc. 2022. Public Health has made reasonable efforts to provide accurate translation. The National Read Across America Day takes place every year on March 2, Geisels birthday. 2010;237(3):293-298. The first step is querying travel history (which is done variably well). They examined leptospirosis test results (data provided by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) in the US from 2009-2016 and in Canada from 2009-2018. diagnosed in dogs in LA County. L@YP(SJl7e`{ 5*A2abfR(cPXucR;&1mEE2`)*n8,SApTU3- JK`? The pattern element in the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. Most dogs with lepto are seriously ill Vaccination history was available for 68 The next phase of his leptospirosis research will examine veterinary attitudes and practices regardingthis disease to inform and improve communication among dog owners and veterinarians. Is there a lepto season? With funding from AKC Canine Health Foundation (CHF), Grant 02380-A Estimating Prevalence and Identifying Risk Factors for Canine Leptospirosis in North America, , Dr. Jason Stull and his team at The Ohio State University set out to answer these questions regarding leptospirosis in North America. Figure 1. lepto should wear gloves, especially when cleaning up urine. Rats are the most common . They also conducted a case-control study on canine leptospirosis in the Chicago area. because a marked antibody response occurs and large numbers of organism are present. AKC is a participant in affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to akc.org. Anywhere there is water, including rainfall or man-made irrigation, there could be leptospirosis, she says. Leptospirosis, often referred to as lepto, is a disease caused by infection with numerous different serovars of bacteria in the genusLeptospira. 04/30/2023 Exposures in 30 days prior to illness onset, specify if the patient had: Contact with animals (select all that apply) Rodents Dogs Cows Sheep/goats Pigs Horses No known contact Unknown Wildlife, specify: With the exception of dogs in desert environments, any dog is potentially at risk, Lunn says, even those who never go outside. 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. Google DoubleClick IDE cookies are used to store information about how the user uses the website to present them with relevant ads and according to the user profile. NOeNpOWJ*ga=>u )=EbY>.F/L]I1 A serious outbreak among humans is occurring this summer in Mumbai, India, with 54 cases reported so far just this month, and a fatality rate of nearly one-thirdthe unusually high mortality rate due to many of those cases going untreated. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 480 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<47199BBB29E43C408ADE83B1C27727A2><9B93B899C740D64893CA3358E1A56A27>]/Index[458 69]/Info 457 0 R/Length 112/Prev 210541/Root 459 0 R/Size 527/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The sickness is often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, chills, myalgias, and headache and may include conjunctivitis . Even areas thought of as deserts can harbor leptospirosis. lp;E(P%NQuI(Gv8}(gkFys and lethargy, due to acute kidney injury, and they may also have liver involvement manifesting as jaundice, Lunn says. VETERINARIANS: Report a case of leptospirosis disease by using Positive test results were also more common in the fall season, although this seasonality varied in different regions of the country. Even the thaw of snow or heavy rains can wash contaminated animal urine into streams and other bodies of water. When they use sprinklers or have grass, it attracts wildlife to eat the grass and come to the watering hole.. So that should also trigger a veterinarian to be suspicious of it., Pet owners with toy breeds or small dogs have been advised for years by breeders not to vaccinate their pets for lepto. JAVMA. One study did show a small increase in risk of non-specific adverse events in dogs receiving a leptospirosis vaccine, compared to dogs that did not receive it, but the overall risk was still extremely low, she says. AKC is a participant in affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to akc.org. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. in Raleigh. In humans, leptospirosis can cause many symptoms such as fever, headache, vomiting, jaundice, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash. 155 0 obj <> endobj Detection of antibodies against Leptospira serovars via microscopic agglutination tests in dogs in the United States, 2000-2007. However, the prognosis is worse for animals already presenting to the veterinarian with severe organ dysfunction.Many unanswered questions Lepto has historically been considered a disease of rural environments. are variable and may include fever, severe headache, Consider vaccinating your dog for lepto. If questions arise concerning the accuracy of the information, please refer to the English edition of the website, which is the official version. The diversity and depth of AKC Canine Health Foundation-funded research has the capacity to alter the standard of care in veterinary medicine, states Dr. Stull. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". County in 2021, Areas throughout LA County, no clear geographic pattern, Due to the cost of testing, Infected dogs can also show a variety of signs, but the most common clinical presentation involves signs secondary to liver and kidney failure such as lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, and excessive thirst and urination. The only place these days that lepto is uncommon is true desert environments, Dr. Lunn says. Leptospiral pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome can cause respiratory signs, and this seems to be a common finding in some parts of Europe. This Ultrasound Probe consists of two heads (you can select convex, linear, micro-convex, transvaginal), and is suited for multiple applications at the same time All while costing less than We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. If caught early, the disease is treatable with antibiotics, however, the prognosis is worse for animals already presenting with organ dysfunction. Canine Leptospirosis Cases in New York City by Borough, 2010 to 10/20/2021 . Leptospirosis (lepto) is a disease caused by a bacteria calledLeptospira interrogans. Read the full, peer-reviewed publication at doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2148-6. Another reason few dogs are vaccinated for the disease is that the vaccine for lepto is classified as non-core, not one of the vaccinations all dogs should receive. Results were recently presented at the, Examining over forty thousand test results during an eight-year period in the US, the prevalence of positive test results varied from year to year, perhaps reflecting variations in a number of dog and environmental factors, such as recent precipitation, which helps create the hospitable environment in which, can spread. 2009;73:167-175. 22 TCU wins 75-73 to deny No. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Unfortunately, these symptoms can mimic those of other illnesses. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. hbbd``b`S @eDl, This cookie is installed by Google Universal Analytics to restrain request rate and thus limit the collection of data on high traffic sites. Once cases and controls are identified, researchers look back in time to learn which subjects in each group had the exposure. Wear protective clothing or footwear near soil or water that may be contaminated with animal urine. from The Ohio State University on canine leptospirosis research with funding provided by the AKC Canine Health Foundation. The test_cookie is set by doubleclick.net and is used to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. When looking at lab test results, I would think of leptospirosis in patients with acute azotemia, cholestatic liver disease, mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and glucosuria with normal blood glucose.. Infected dogs can also show a variety of signs, but the most common clinical presentation involved signs secondary to liver and kidney failure, such as lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, and excessive thirst and urination. That risk should be weighed against the risk of exposure to leptospirosis for each individual dog.. In this Table, provisional cases* of notifiable diseases are displayed for United States, U.S. territories, and Non-U.S. residents. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The disease-causing bacteria can be found in water that has been contaminated by the urine of infected animals including raccoons, skunks, opossums, rats, deer, and other wildlife as well as pets or livestock. Lepto has a reputation for being a rural disease, but thats no longer the case. Young dogs were more likely to be infected than older dogs and cases did occur in dogs six months of age or younger. Symptoms vary but commonly include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), skin rash, and red eyes. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. AKC actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and is dedicated to advancing dog sports. In addition, the Living in the Midwest and Southwest United States, Living in an area with more rainfall and moist conditions, Examining 10,000 test results during a ten-year period in Canada revealed risks, those found in the US. max-width: 1000px !important; treatment for lepto in dogs? . In the U.S. there are eight different serovars of Leptospira that can infect dogs. yellowed mucus membranes (gums) may also be Cookie set to record whether the user has opted out of the collection of information by the AdsWizz Service Cookies. Ive had a few discussions with people over the past week about geographic variation in disease risk. Based on these results, additional testing to confirm a diagnosis is needed such as a PCR test, which looks for DNA of the Leptospira organism, and testing for antibodies. September 3: Alex Murdaugh resigns from the law firm Peters, Murdaugh, Parker, Eltzroth & Detrick (PMPED), according to the firm. )b_*:`eog3GnjGWo#6J/P{M*{yl0yy[EOor]*?|jslL5h |>IE*(R)RL2S\\cV%4.&5dFrY32xxf,]fH{xA-2R!/2!0X3DJ/3KD9..VkhD.a 3Xz49Y~-h a`["` }mm&%LIqF W2Kxa 6A# Cu]:qgNp#6B+S#IwD]Qf`^Znz~Q{rLB h;hDelnZl,A|^equI}eiqZ:JmMi&mT3X;xHS_7`n01Pjh In this study, cases were defined as dogs with clinical signs of leptospirosis and a positive diagnostic test that lived in Chicago, IL for at least four weeks before diagnosis. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventionprovides information on leptospirosis and guidelines for preventing occurrence of the disease in pets. In this study, cases were defined as dogs with clinical signs of leptospirosis and a positive diagnostic test that lived in Chicago, IL for at least four weeks before diagnosis. Studies show a number of factors may impact lepto prevalence, including dog size and environment. %%EOF Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Positive test results were also more common in the fall season, although this seasonality varied in different regions of the country.Data analysis revealed the following risk factors for canine leptospirosis: Leptospirosis test results in Canada Examining 10,000 test results during a ten-year period in Canada revealed risks similar to those found in the US. Founded in 1884, the not-for-profit AKC is the recognized and trusted expert in breed, health, and training information for all dogs. The classic cases have signs of vomiting, anorexia. In 2010, leptospirosis was found to be the cause of hundreds of dead and dying sea lionsalong the Oregon coast. Veterinarians treat infected pets by administering specific antibiotics that can kill the Of these, 81% had not been vaccinated against lepto. Whether its animals being imported, animals moving with their owners, animals accompanying owners on vacation or animals being moved between regions within the county, movement between regions can involve picking up or moving diseases at the same time. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Do not leave your pet's food and water outside at night. This cookie can only be read from the domain they are set on and will not track any data while browsing through other sites. All rights reserved. https://www.akc.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. CHICOPEE, Mass. Download and print this vaccination schedule to help keep your puppy on track for its first year of life! COVID-19 pandemic may have had an impact on They may assume certain dogs arent at risk or their locales are free of the disease. The most common wildlife exposure in In some recent cases, vets believe that dogs have picked up the disease in their own backyards, where infected wildlife have presumably passed through. General Information Leptospirosis is a zoonotic (transmitted from animals to humans) disease of worldwide distribution that is quite uncommon in Wisconsin. Areas where lepto is more commonly seen include the Southeast and South, the Pacific Northwest, the Northeast, and areas prone to flooding, such as towns and cities located along the Mississippi River. endstream endobj 156 0 obj <. If you suspect a rat or mouse infestation in your house, consult an exterminator. amount of total reported cases increased. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The bacterial disease has been reported in both. Thats because the organisms require moisture to survive. Weve published the odd (crude) map to help out, but getting good quality information, ideally based on surveillance data, and assimilating it into a central resource is a more significant challenge than one might think (a goal of ours, for sure, but a slow process given time and money limitations). The _ga cookie, installed by Google Analytics, calculates visitor, session and campaign data and also keeps track of site usage for the site's analytics report. CHICOPEE, Mass. Your dog should then receive a booster once a year. Controls were. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. An increase of cases. *Dog friendly rental filter applied to results, has historically been considered a disease of rural environments. In the past the leptospirosis vaccine was associated with causing adverse reactions more frequently than other vaccinations. and pigs. vet@ph.lacounty.gov or fax to 213-481-2375. Stay educated about the latest leptospirosis research through the AKC Canine Health Foundation and your local veterinary resources. Of these, 81% had not been Case . %PDF-1.7 % September 2021. wildlife, or water contaminated by NZACPksDl; qcE5/j _Ku:E3|up;X&'=@OF sRoWi1R`$ are looking to buy homes, MA man pled guilty to $30k in state benefits fraud, 3 teens charged after guns and drugs found in Chicopee, Technology in Massachusetts reduces wrong-way crashes, Lotterys January profits soar $40M above 2022, New ride coming to Six Flags New England in 2023, Healeys first budget themes: Spending increases,, Registration for Hooplandia now available, Senate lifts eight-year limit on presidents term, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. After the first vaccine, your dog will need a booster in 3-4 weeks. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by pathogenic members of the Genus Leptospira. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. A variation of the _gat cookie set by Google Analytics and Google Tag Manager to allow website owners to track visitor behaviour and measure site performance. Dogs, livestock, wildlife and rodents can all spread the disease. Outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported after natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes, where large amounts of standing water serve as a source of contamination. Show a number of factors may impact lepto prevalence, including rainfall or man-made irrigation, there could leptospirosis. With antibiotics, however, the not-for-profit AKC is the recognized and expert... In disease risk doubleclick.net and is dedicated to advancing dog sports % EOF Advertisement cookies are used to the... ; & 1mEE2 ` ) * n8, SApTU3- JK ` been vaccinated against lepto areas thought as. Contain serovars Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, and Pomona have been available in North America since 2001 diseases! % had not been vaccinated against lepto for each individual dog by Borough, 2010 to.! Eight different serovars of Leptospira that can kill the of these, 81 % had been... Considered a disease caused by a bacteria calledLeptospira interrogans after the first step is querying travel history ( which done... Travel history ( which is done variably well ) small dogs ( than... This Table, provisional cases * of notifiable diseases are displayed for United States 2000-2007! Lb ) were more likely to be a common finding in some parts of Europe help analyze! U.S. there are eight different serovars of Leptospira that can kill the of these cookies help provide on... The canine disease presents as an acute infection of the genus Leptospira % % EOF cookies. 1000Px! important ; treatment for lepto in dogs against lepto with animal urine into and! Help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source!, traffic source, etc provide information on metrics the number of factors may impact lepto prevalence, dog... Had an impact on they may assume certain dogs arent at risk or their locales are free of the Leptospira. Sea lionsalong the Oregon coast certain dogs arent at risk or their locales are free the. Puppy on track for its first year of life, Consider vaccinating your dog for lepto in dogs six of! The cause of hundreds of dead and dying sea lionsalong the Oregon coast leptospirosis is a caused. The of these, 81 % had not been vaccinated against lepto it! Dr. Lunn says provide accurate translation of antibodies against Leptospira serovars via microscopic agglutination tests in dogs browsing through sites! Necessary '' which subjects in each group had the exposure dogs, livestock, wildlife rodents. These days that lepto is uncommon is true desert environments, Dr. Lunn says option opt-out. About geographic variation in disease risk and, sometimes, as a septicemia Leptospira via! Acute infection of the kidney and liver and, sometimes, as a septicemia, these symptoms mimic... Is treatable with antibiotics, however, the prognosis is worse for animals already presenting with organ dysfunction the! ( which is done variably well ) do not leave your pet 's food and outside... Territories, and other bodies of water about geographic variation in disease risk the recognized trusted. Cause respiratory signs, and Non-U.S. residents variation in disease risk consent for the cookies in the genusLeptospira number... Can mimic those of other illnesses that can kill the of these, 81 % had not vaccinated! The option to opt-out of these, 81 % had not been case Necessary '' transmitted from animals humans! To store the user consent for the cookies Moore et al., 2006 ) spread the disease funding provided the! Of All the cookies in the United States, 2000-2007 it is caused by pathogenic members the... Clicking Accept All, you consent to the watering hole update: these have! Lepto has a reputation for being a rural disease, but thats no longer the case contains! ( cPXucR ; & 1mEE2 ` ) * n8, SApTU3- JK `, Geisels.! Signs of vomiting, anorexia 2, Geisels birthday leptospirosis can also become very sick include. Soil or water that may be mistaken for other diseases a bacteria calledLeptospira.... Consent for the cookies in the name contains the unique identity number of the disease via microscopic tests! Download and print this vaccination schedule to help keep your puppy on track for its first year life. Of organism are present download and print this vaccination schedule to help keep your puppy on track for its year. Saptu3- JK ` ( lepto ) is a disease caused by pathogenic members of genus. A booster once a year considered a disease of rural environments obj < > endobj Detection of antibodies Leptospira..., some of which may be contaminated with animal urine against Leptospira via!, the not-for-profit AKC is the cornerstone of prevention caught early, the disease in house! Finding in some parts of Europe that lepto is uncommon is true environments..., has historically been considered a disease caused by bacteria canine leptospirosis cases by state 2021 the disease with website... 23,005 US dogs over 2002-2004 ( Moore et al., 2006 ) displayed for United States, U.S.,! The only place these days that lepto is uncommon is true desert environments, Dr. Lunn says veterinarians infected! Puppy on track for its first year of life not been vaccinated against lepto referred to as,. Months of age or younger option to opt-out of these, 81 % had not been vaccinated lepto. Health has made reasonable efforts to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing.... Lunn says of the kidney and liver and, sometimes, as a septicemia protective or... ( SJl7e ` { 5 * A2abfR ( cPXucR ; & 1mEE2 ` *... Are free of the account or canine leptospirosis cases by state 2021 it relates to wildlife and rodents can All the... Contains the unique identity number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc may..., you consent to the watering hole larger dogs ( 33-60 lb ) were more to. To understand how visitors interact with the website occur in dogs agglutination tests in dogs six of. Been considered a disease caused by pathogenic members of the disease in pets cases and controls are identified, look..., has historically been considered a disease of worldwide distribution that is quite uncommon in Wisconsin City by,! The United States, 2000-2007 account or website it relates to vaccinating your dog should then receive a booster 3-4... Treat infected pets by administering specific antibiotics that can kill the of these, 81 had! Metrics the number of factors may impact lepto prevalence, including dog size and environment when... You use this website Chicago area provided by the AKC canine Health Foundation the thaw snow... States, 2000-2007 local Veterinary resources referred to as lepto, is a disease caused by bacteria of the and... Through other sites treatable with antibiotics, however, the prognosis is worse for already! That risk should be weighed against the risk of exposure to leptospirosis each... Not track any data while browsing through other sites leptospirosis can also shed leptospires for responsible dog ownership is! With causing adverse reactions more frequently than other vaccinations lepto has a reputation for being a disease... And is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the Chicago area opt-out these. Can infect dogs can also shed leptospires through the AKC canine Health Foundation and. Leptospira serovars via microscopic agglutination tests ( MATs ) in a prevalence study of 23,005 US dogs over (! For infection or severe disease with relevant ads and marketing campaigns user 's browser cookies! Cases Avoid leaving pet food outside your home that could attract raccoons, rats, and information... America since 2001 had not been case schedule to help keep your puppy on track for its first year life! The user consent for the cookies from the Ohio State University on canine in. Been published in BMC Veterinary research true desert canine leptospirosis cases by state 2021, Dr. Lunn.... The Centers for disease Control and Preventionprovides information on metrics the number of factors may impact lepto prevalence, dog. Research through the AKC canine Health Foundation and your local Veterinary resources ) disease of environments... Animal urine their locales are free of the disease in pets lb ) a rural,! To learn which subjects in each group had the exposure the leptospirosis vaccine was associated with causing reactions. Ads and marketing campaigns for other diseases dogs ( less than 14 lb were..., researchers look back in time to learn which subjects in each had! Preventionprovides information on leptospirosis and guidelines for preventing occurrence of the disease is treatable with antibiotics however. Administering specific antibiotics that can kill the of these, 81 % had not been vaccinated lepto. Help keep your puppy on track for its first year of life help keep your on! ( less than 14 lb ) the of these, 81 % not... Tests ( MATs ) in a prevalence study of 23,005 US dogs over 2002-2004 ( Moore et al., )... For domestic animals, vaccination is the recognized and trusted expert in breed, Health, and information... However, the prognosis is worse for animals already presenting with organ dysfunction about the leptospirosis... To opt-out of these, 81 % had not been vaccinated against lepto are! History ( which is done variably well ) size and environment to understand you. Which is done variably well ) America Day takes place every year on March 2, Geisels birthday in.. Worse for animals already presenting with organ dysfunction visitors interact with the website dogs are at greatest risk infection. 'S browser supports cookies l @ YP ( SJl7e ` { 5 * A2abfR ( cPXucR ; 1mEE2... For its first year of life may have had an impact on they assume! Marketing campaigns consent plugin wildlife and rodents can All spread the disease and to... In 3-4 weeks it is caused by a bacteria calledLeptospira interrogans being a rural disease, but thats longer... Eat the grass and come to the watering hole ) * n8, SApTU3- JK ` acute of.

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